FIGURE T15. Mean (top) and anomalous (bottom) depth of the 20oC isotherm for a four-week period. Anomalies are departures from the 1983-1992 base period means.


FIGURE T16. Equatorial depth-longitude section of ocean temperature (top) and ocean temperature anomalies (bottom). Data are derived from an analysis system which assimilates oceanic observations into an oceanic GCM (Leetmaa and Ji 1989, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 13, 464-490). Contour interval is 1oC. Anomalies are departures from the 1983-1992 base period means.


FIGURE T17. Mean (OI analysis, top) and anomalous (bottom) sea surface temperature. Mean contour interval is 2oC. Temperatures >20oC are contoured every degree with odd contours dashed. Anomalies are departures from the adjusted OI climatology (Reynolds and Smith, submitted to J. Climate). Anomaly contour interval is 1oC with negative anomalies dashed.


FIGURE T18. Mean (top) and anomalous (bottom) sea level pressure (SLP). SLP contour interval is 2 mb, and 1000 mb has been subtracted from contour labels. SLP values below 1000 mb are indicated by dashed contours. Anomalies are departures from the 1979-1988 base period monthly means. Anomaly contour interval is 1 mb and negative anomalies are indicated by dashed contours. The analysis should be treated with caution in regions of elevated terrain.


FIGURE T19. Mean (top) and anomalous (bottom) 850-mb vector wind. Anomalies are departures from the 1979-1988 base period monthly means. Contour interval for isotachs is 5 ms-1.

FIGURE T20. Mean (top) and anomalous (bottom) 200-mb vector wind. Anomalies are departures from 1979-1988 base period monthly means. Contour interval for isotachs is 10 (5) ms-1 for the mean (anomalous) wind.


FIGURE T21. Mean (top) and anomalous (bottom) 200-mb stream function. Contour interval is 10 x 106 m2s-1. Negative (positive) values are indicated by dashed (solid) lines and the zero line is indicated by the heavy solid line. The non-divergent component of the flow is directed along the contours with speed proportional to the gradient. Thus, high (low) stream function corresponds to high (low) geopotential height in the Northern Hemisphere and to low (high) geopotential height in the Southern Hemisphere. Anomalies are departures from the 1979-1988 base period monthly means. Contour interval is 5 x 106 m2s-1.


FIGURE T22. Mean 200-mb divergence. Contour interval is 1 x 10-6 s-1. Negative values are indicated by dashed lines. The zero contour is indicated by the heavy solid line.


FIGURE T23. Mean (top) and anomalous (bottom) outgoing longwave radiation (NOAA 11 AVHRR IR window channel measurements by NESDIS/ SRL). Contour interval is 20 Wm-2. OLR values greater than 280 Wm-2 and indicated by dashed contours. Anomalies are departures from the 1979-1988 base period monthly means. Anomaly contour interval 10 Wm-2. Positive anomalies are dashed.


FIGURE T24. Estimated rainfall (mm) (top) and anomaly (bottom) using the GOES Precipitation Index (GPI) method (Arkin and Meisner 1987, Mon. Wea. Rev.,115, 51- 74) applied to histograms of OLR flux from the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites. Contours interval is 100 mm (top) and 50 mm (bottom).


FIGURE T25. Estimated rainfall (mm) (top) and anomaly (bottom) using the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) precipitation index (Grody 1991, JGR,,96,7423-7435. Contours interval is 100 mm (top) and 50 mm (bottom). Anomalies are computed from the July 1987-June 1994 base period means. Anomalies have been smoothed for display purposes.