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HOME > Climate & Weather Linkage > El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) > Historical El Nino/ La Nina episodes (1950-present)

Notice: Because of the high frequency filter applied to the ERSSTv4 data (Huang et al. 2015, J.Climate), ONI values may change up to two months after the initial "real time" value is posted. Therefore, the most recent ONI values should be considered an estimate.

DESCRIPTION: Warm (red) and cold (blue) periods based on a threshold of +/- 0.5^oC for the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) [3 month running mean of ERSST.v4 SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region (5^oN-5^oS, 120^o-170^oW)], based on centered 30-year base periods updated every 5 years.

For historical purposes, periods of below and above normal SSTs are colored in blue and red when the threshold is met for a minimum of 5 consecutive overlapping seasons. The ONI is one measure of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, and other indices can confirm whether features consistent with a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon accompanied these periods.

Year	DJF	JFM	FMA	MAM	AMJ	MJJ	JJA	JAS	ASO	SON	OND	NDJ
1950	-1.4	-1.2	-1.1	-1.2	-1.1	-0.9	-0.6	-0.6	-0.5	-0.6	-0.7	-0.8
1951	-0.8	-0.6	-0.2	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.7	0.6
1952	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.2	0	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
1953	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7
1954	0.7	0.4	0	-0.4	-0.5	-0.5	-0.5	-0.7	-0.7	-0.6	-0.5	-0.5
1955	-0.6	-0.6	-0.7	-0.7	-0.7	-0.6	-0.6	-0.6	-1.0	-1.4	-1.6	-1.4
1956	-0.9	-0.6	-0.6	-0.5	-0.5	-0.4	-0.5	-0.5	-0.4	-0.4	-0.5	-0.4
1957	-0.3	0	0.3	0.6	0.7	0.9	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.6
1958	1.7	1.5	1.2	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.6
1959	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.2	0.1	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1
Year	DJF	JFM	FMA	MAM	AMJ	MJJ	JJA	JAS	ASO	SON	OND	NDJ
1960	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1	0	-0.1	-0.2	0	0.1	0.2	0.1	0	0
1961	0	0	-0.1	0	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1	-0.3	-0.3	-0.2	-0.2
1962	-0.2	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3	-0.4
1963	-0.4	-0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.7	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1
1964	1.0	0.6	0.1	-0.3	-0.6	-0.6	-0.7	-0.7	-0.8	-0.8	-0.8	-0.8
1965	-0.5	-0.3	-0.1	0.1	0.4	0.7	1.0	1.3	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.5
1966	1.3	1.0	0.9	0.6	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1	0	-0.1	-0.1	-0.3
1967	-0.4	-0.5	-0.5	-0.5	-0.2	0	0	-0.2	-0.3	-0.4	-0.4	-0.5
1968	-0.7	-0.8	-0.7	-0.5	-0.1	0.2	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.6	0.8
1969	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7
Year	DJF	JFM	FMA	MAM	AMJ	MJJ	JJA	JAS	ASO	SON	OND	NDJ
1970	0.6	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.1	-0.3	-0.6	-0.8	-0.8	-0.8	-0.9	-1.2
1971	-1.3	-1.3	-1.1	-0.9	-0.8	-0.7	-0.8	-0.7	-0.8	-0.8	-0.9	-0.8
1972	-0.7	-0.4	0	0.3	0.6	0.8	1.1	1.3	1.5	1.8	2.0	1.9
1973	1.7	1.2	0.6	0	-0.4	-0.8	-1.0	-1.2	-1.4	-1.7	-1.9	-1.9
1974	-1.7	-1.5	-1.2	-1.0	-0.9	-0.8	-0.6	-0.4	-0.4	-0.6	-0.7	-0.6
1975	-0.5	-0.5	-0.6	-0.6	-0.7	-0.8	-1.0	-1.1	-1.3	-1.4	-1.5	-1.6
1976	-1.5	-1.1	-0.7	-0.4	-0.3	-0.1	0.1	0.3	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.8
1977	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.8	0.8
1978	0.7	0.4	0.1	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3	-0.4	-0.4	-0.4	-0.3	-0.1	0
1979	0	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.6
Year	DJF	JFM	FMA	MAM	AMJ	MJJ	JJA	JAS	ASO	SON	OND	NDJ
1980	0.6	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.2	0	0.1	0.1	0
1981	-0.2	-0.4	-0.4	-0.3	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1	0
1982	0	0.1	0.2	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	1.0	1.5	1.9	2.1	2.1
1983	2.1	1.8	1.5	1.2	1.0	0.7	0.3	0	-0.3	-0.6	-0.8	-0.8
1984	-0.5	-0.3	-0.3	-0.4	-0.4	-0.4	-0.3	-0.2	-0.3	-0.6	-0.9	-1.1
1985	-0.9	-0.7	-0.7	-0.7	-0.7	-0.6	-0.4	-0.4	-0.4	-0.3	-0.2	-0.3
1986	-0.4	-0.4	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1	0	0.2	0.4	0.7	0.9	1.0	1.1
1987	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.4	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.2	1.1
1988	0.8	0.5	0.1	-0.3	-0.8	-1.2	-1.2	-1.1	-1.2	-1.4	-1.7	-1.8
1989	-1.6	-1.4	-1.1	-0.9	-0.6	-0.4	-0.3	-0.3	-0.3	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1
Year	DJF	JFM	FMA	MAM	AMJ	MJJ	JJA	JAS	ASO	SON	OND	NDJ
1990	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4
1991	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.8	1.2	1.4
1992	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.2	1.0	0.8	0.5	0.2	0	-0.1	-0.1	0
1993	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.7	0.8	0.6	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
1994	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.6	0.9	1.0
1995	0.9	0.7	0.5	0.3	0.2	0	-0.2	-0.5	-0.7	-0.9	-1.0	-0.9
1996	-0.9	-0.7	-0.6	-0.4	-0.2	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3	-0.4	-0.4	-0.5
1997	-0.5	-0.4	-0.2	0.1	0.6	1.0	1.4	1.7	2.0	2.2	2.3	2.3
1998	2.1	1.8	1.4	1.0	0.5	-0.1	-0.7	-1.0	-1.2	-1.2	-1.3	-1.4
1999	-1.4	-1.2	-1.0	-0.9	-0.9	-1.0	-1.0	-1.0	-1.1	-1.2	-1.4	-1.6
Year	DJF	JFM	FMA	MAM	AMJ	MJJ	JJA	JAS	ASO	SON	OND	NDJ
2000	-1.6	-1.4	-1.1	-0.9	-0.7	-0.7	-0.6	-0.5	-0.6	-0.7	-0.8	-0.8
2001	-0.7	-0.5	-0.4	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.3	-0.4	-0.3
2002	-0.2	0.0	0.1	0.2	0.4	0.6	0.8	0.8	0.9	1.1	1.2	1.1
2003	0.9	0.7	0.4	0	-0.2	-0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3
2004	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7
2005	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.3	0.2	0	-0.1	0	-0.2	-0.5	-0.7
2006	-0.7	-0.6	-0.4	-0.2	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.3	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.9
2007	0.7	0.4	0.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.3	-0.4	-0.6	-0.9	-1.1	-1.3	-1.3
2008	-1.4	-1.3	-1.1	-0.9	-0.7	-0.5	-0.4	-0.3	-0.3	-0.4	-0.6	-0.7
2009	-0.7	-0.6	-0.4	-0.1	0.2	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.9	1.1	1.3
Year	DJF	JFM	FMA	MAM	AMJ	MJJ	JJA	JAS	ASO	SON	OND	NDJ
2010	1.3	1.2	0.9	0.5	0.0	-0.4	-0.9	-1.2	-1.4	-1.5	-1.4	-1.4
2011	-1.3	-1.0	-0.7	-0.5	-0.4	-0.3	-0.3	-0.6	-0.8	-0.9	-1.0	-0.9
2012	-0.7	-0.5	-0.4	-0.4	-0.3	-0.1	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.1	-0.2
2013	-0.4	-0.4	-0.3	-0.2	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3	-0.2	-0.3	-0.3	-0.3
2014	-0.5	-0.5	-0.4	-0.2	-0.1	0.0	-0.1	0.0	0.1	0.4	0.5	0.6
2015	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.7	0.8	1.0	1.2	1.4	1.7	2.0	2.2	2.3
2016	2.2	2.0	1.6	1.1	0.6	0.1	-0.3	-0.6	-0.8	-0.8	-0.8	-0.7
2017	-0.4	-0.1	0.2	0.4	0.4	0.2	-0.1	-0.4	-0.6	-0.6


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