Notice: This page is updated automatically on the first Thursday of each month. Because of the high frequency filter applied to the ERSSTv5 data (Huang et al. 2017, J.Climate), Dipole Mode Index (DMI) values may change up to two months after the initial "real time" value is posted. Therefore, the most recent DMI values should be considered an estimate.
DESCRIPTION: positve (red) and negitive (blue) periods based on a threshold of +/- 0.4oC for the DMI, based on centered 30-year base periods updated every 10 years.
Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ |
1950 | -0.19 | -0.24 | -0.10 | -0.08 | -0.09 | -0.13 | -0.26 | -0.41 | -0.45 | -0.26 | -0.07 | |
1951 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.11 | -0.02 | -0.04 | -0.16 | -0.13 | -0.18 | -0.05 | 0.03 | 0.18 |
1952 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.22 | -0.08 | -0.33 | -0.45 | -0.54 | -0.38 | -0.15 | 0.22 |
1953 | 0.38 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.11 | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.02 |
1954 | -0.01 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.08 | -0.20 | -0.43 | -0.63 | -0.75 | -0.62 | -0.46 | -0.29 |
1955 | -0.38 | -0.27 | -0.12 | -0.16 | -0.34 | -0.45 | -0.30 | -0.32 | -0.47 | -0.41 | -0.20 | 0.16 |
1956 | 0.25 | 0.19 | -0.02 | -0.33 | -0.49 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.59 | -0.68 | -0.83 | -0.61 | -0.53 |
1957 | -0.34 | -0.27 | -0.06 | 0.03 | -0.08 | -0.15 | -0.23 | -0.14 | -0.14 | -0.28 | -0.40 | -0.48 |
1958 | -0.38 | -0.24 | -0.15 | -0.25 | -0.58 | -0.80 | -0.82 | -0.82 | -0.86 | -0.83 | -0.48 | 0.01 |
1959 | 0.22 | 0.12 | -0.12 | -0.37 | -0.53 | -0.64 | -0.59 | -0.52 | -0.54 | -0.50 | -0.39 | -0.24 |
Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ |
1960 | -0.10 | -0.09 | -0.22 | -0.57 | -0.76 | -0.75 | -0.67 | -0.74 | -0.92 | -1.04 | -0.95 | -0.64 |
1961 | -0.23 | 0.06 | 0.05 | -0.11 | -0.11 | 0.22 | 0.69 | 1.09 | 1.14 | 1.03 | 0.77 | 0.74 |
1962 | 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.39 | 0.11 | -0.07 | -0.25 | -0.24 | -0.17 | -0.11 | -0.05 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
1963 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 0.31 | -0.11 | -0.31 | -0.24 | 0.26 | 0.58 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.21 |
1964 | -0.10 | -0.15 | 0.05 | 0.08 | -0.00 | -0.27 | -0.33 | -0.56 | -0.63 | -0.35 | -0.02 | 0.20 |
1965 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.10 | -0.06 | -0.18 | -0.11 | -0.05 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
1966 | -0.01 | 0.06 | 0.03 | -0.11 | -0.10 | -0.08 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.08 | -0.20 | -0.22 | -0.15 |
1967 | -0.07 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.58 | 0.41 | 0.27 |
1968 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.03 | -0.05 | -0.26 | -0.35 | -0.31 | -0.09 | 0.04 |
1969 | 0.07 | 0.07 | -0.03 | -0.10 | -0.28 | -0.35 | -0.40 | -0.31 | -0.08 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.17 |
Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ |
1970 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.08 | -0.09 | -0.18 | -0.17 | -0.30 | -0.44 | -0.37 | -0.10 |
1971 | 0.08 | 0.30 | 0.47 | 0.49 | 0.32 | 0.03 | -0.21 | -0.36 | -0.56 | -0.39 | -0.16 | 0.26 |
1972 | 0.24 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.45 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.70 |
1973 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.06 | -0.02 | -0.23 | -0.34 | -0.41 | -0.29 | -0.15 | 0.06 |
1974 | 0.26 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.01 | -0.30 | -0.38 | -0.46 | -0.31 | -0.36 |
1975 | -0.19 | -0.19 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.09 | -0.37 | -0.89 | -0.94 | -0.60 | -0.22 |
1976 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.35 | -0.06 | -0.25 | -0.12 | 0.07 |
1977 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.09 | -0.04 | -0.10 | -0.09 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.41 | -0.00 |
1978 | -0.20 | -0.38 | -0.18 | -0.11 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.05 | -0.10 | -0.07 |
1979 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.07 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.10 | -0.21 | -0.37 | -0.49 | -0.42 | -0.24 |
Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ |
1980 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.10 | -0.10 | -0.18 | -0.21 | -0.30 | -0.43 | -0.22 | -0.02 |
1981 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.16 | -0.16 | -0.38 | -0.55 | -0.60 | -0.54 | -0.39 | -0.17 |
1982 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.33 | -0.04 |
1983 | -0.30 | -0.54 | -0.73 | -0.64 | -0.24 | 0.30 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.19 | 0.08 | -0.04 | -0.01 |
1984 | -0.03 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.04 | -0.08 | -0.38 | -0.33 | -0.34 | -0.31 | -0.36 | -0.31 | -0.18 |
1985 | -0.05 | -0.01 | -0.08 | -0.06 | -0.18 | -0.10 | -0.12 | 0.03 | -0.09 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.29 |
1986 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
1987 | -0.07 | -0.15 | -0.32 | -0.24 | -0.16 | -0.07 | -0.02 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
1988 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | -0.12 | -0.19 | -0.26 | -0.08 | -0.21 | -0.42 | -0.53 | -0.35 | -0.28 |
1989 | -0.07 | -0.11 | 0.01 | -0.20 | -0.37 | -0.34 | -0.42 | -0.37 | -0.64 | -0.56 | -0.50 | -0.09 |
Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ |
1990 | 0.01 | 0.12 | -0.10 | -0.28 | -0.44 | -0.35 | -0.26 | -0.27 | -0.67 | -0.78 | -0.73 | -0.32 |
1991 | -0.06 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.53 | 0.72 | 0.57 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.05 |
1992 | -0.27 | -0.58 | -0.53 | -0.43 | -0.51 | -0.60 | -0.81 | -0.77 | -0.78 | -0.49 | -0.35 | -0.15 |
1993 | -0.13 | -0.16 | -0.22 | -0.12 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.17 | -0.02 | -0.28 | -0.30 | -0.24 | -0.07 |
1994 | -0.01 | -0.03 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 1.18 | 0.86 | 0.55 | 0.07 |
1995 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.20 | 0.07 | -0.22 | -0.41 | -0.48 | -0.44 | -0.48 | -0.38 | -0.11 |
1996 | 0.19 | 0.11 | -0.31 | -0.53 | -0.70 | -0.59 | -0.76 | -0.78 | -0.96 | -0.89 | -0.71 | -0.35 |
1997 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.69 | 1.09 | 1.20 | 1.13 |
1998 | 0.66 | 0.25 | 0.01 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.35 | -0.59 | -0.72 | -0.70 | -0.74 | -0.69 | -0.59 |
1999 | -0.34 | -0.16 | -0.06 | -0.10 | -0.15 | -0.02 | 0.14 | 0.18 | -0.07 | -0.20 | -0.24 | -0.07 |
Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ |
2000 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.02 | 0.00 | -0.11 | -0.08 | -0.02 | 0.09 |
2001 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.01 | -0.14 | -0.38 | -0.39 | -0.58 | -0.56 | -0.51 | -0.32 | -0.19 |
2002 | -0.05 | -0.17 | -0.20 | -0.45 | -0.39 | -0.34 | -0.29 | -0.04 | 0.23 | 0.44 | 0.18 | -0.12 |
2003 | -0.12 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 0.04 | -0.20 | -0.15 | -0.09 |
2004 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | -0.15 | -0.35 | -0.45 | -0.24 | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.01 | -0.05 | -0.15 |
2005 | -0.39 | -0.59 | -0.46 | -0.16 | 0.03 | -0.19 | -0.38 | -0.57 | -0.63 | -0.70 | -0.61 | -0.39 |
2006 | -0.40 | -0.32 | -0.32 | -0.17 | -0.19 | -0.10 | 0.07 | 0.40 | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.54 |
2007 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.08 | -0.13 | -0.13 |
2008 | -0.05 | 0.06 | -0.05 | -0.02 | 0.11 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.42 | 0.17 | -0.03 | -0.13 | -0.19 |
2009 | -0.03 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.08 | -0.05 | -0.21 | -0.27 | -0.33 | -0.19 | -0.18 | -0.07 | 0.10 |
Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ |
2010 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.03 | -0.17 | -0.22 | -0.56 | -0.86 | -1.07 | -0.82 | -0.48 |
2011 | -0.16 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.02 | -0.01 | -0.03 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.07 |
2012 | 0.04 | 0.07 | -0.11 | -0.31 | -0.38 | -0.06 | 0.44 | 0.62 | 0.55 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.07 |
2013 | 0.02 | -0.02 | -0.09 | -0.27 | -0.43 | -0.50 | -0.36 | -0.31 | -0.26 | -0.21 | -0.18 | -0.15 |
2014 | -0.16 | -0.22 | -0.23 | -0.24 | -0.17 | -0.24 | -0.40 | -0.49 | -0.37 | -0.15 | -0.05 | -0.16 |
2015 | -0.29 | -0.23 | -0.06 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.33 | 0.09 |
2016 | -0.19 | -0.29 | -0.28 | -0.33 | -0.50 | -0.79 | -0.81 | -0.87 | -0.79 | -0.75 | -0.53 | -0.24 |
2017 | -0.07 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
2018 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.41 | 0.34 |
2019 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.39 | 0.67 | 0.84 | 1.03 | 1.20 | 1.53 | 1.65 | 1.46 | 0.93 |
Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ |
2020 | 0.26 | -0.05 | -0.14 | 0.06 | 0.29 | 0.44 | 0.26 | -0.04 | -0.17 | -0.10 | 0.07 | 0.17 |
2021 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.02 | -0.17 | -0.43 | -0.43 | -0.32 | -0.39 | -0.40 | -0.42 | -0.28 |
2022 | -0.28 | -0.25 | -0.28 | -0.34 | -0.54 | -0.77 | -0.97 | -1.10 | -1.07 | -0.88 | -0.55 | -0.20 |
2023 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.56 | 1.00 | 1.26 | 1.38 | 1.17 |
2024 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 0.39 | 0.34 | 0.13 | -0.09 | -0.06 |
Climatology : 1991-2020 WTIO : SSTA averaged in [50ºE-70ºE, 10ºS-10ºN] SETIO : SSTA averaged in [90ºE-110ºE, 10ºS-0] DMI = WTIO - SETIO