Recent observations of tropical convective anomalies have been more consistent with MJO activity, although there is some aliasing of anomalies from other modes, especially the evolving background state. The Wheeler-Hendon MJO Index indicates very slow propagation over the western Pacific during the past week. The CPC MJO index also indicates a very slow, eastward propagation with the main convective forcings near the Date Line. A slowly evolving base state favoring enhanced convection over anomalously warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central Pacific also remains a significant contributor to the global tropical convective pattern.
Dynamical model forecasts support a slow eastward propagation during Week-1 of a very weak MJO signal. Some deterministic models indicate a strengthening of the signal over the Americas during Week-2, with bias corrections removing some of that signal. Statitsical models indicate propagation of a very weak signal without the strengthening over the Americas. Both sets of tools indicate enhanced convection in Phase 8 to Phase 1 of the WH diagram by the end of Week-2.
During Week-1, an atmospheric Kelvin Wave is projected to move across the central and eastern Pacific. Combined with the evolving backgorund state, this favors above-average precipitation across the Central Pacifc, as far east as due south of Hawaii. Also, below-average precipitation is likely over the Maritime Continent and parts of the West Pacific. Some of the signal for below-average precipitation is likely to extend westward over the Indian Ocean due to the passage of an Equatorial Rossby Wave. Tropical Cyclone formation potential is enhanced over the Timor Sea in the wake of the convectively active phase of the Kelvin Wave and the active phase of the Equatorial Rossby Wave.
During Week-2, the low-frequency state, some eastward shift in variability in the MJO band, and an atmospheric Kelvin Wave are likely to contribute significantly to the pattern of convection across the tropics. Above-average rainfall is likely near the Date Line, extending to the eastern Pacific (near 130W) and over the central Indian Ocean, with below-average rains over the Maritime Continent and West Pacific. Tropical cyclone formation chances are elevated over the Southeastern Indian Ocean, although confidence in that is lower than in Week-1.
Forecasts for areas of enhanced or suppressed convection over Africa are based on dynamical guidance for regional scale features.
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Product Release Information
The Global Tropics Hazards and Benefits Outlook is released once per week every Tuesday at 1530 UTC (1630 UTC when on standard time) including U.S. federal holidays. At the time of product release, there is a live briefing (available via webinar) open to all interested parties in which the latest conditions in the Tropics and the just released outlook and associated impacts are discussed. There is an opportunity to ask questions after the briefing and the briefings are available at the Live Briefing Archive.
Product Description
The Global Tropics Hazards and Benefits Outlook is a forecast for areas with elevated odds for above- or below-median rainfall and regions where tropical cyclogenesis is favorable or unfavorable for the upcoming Week-1 and Week-2 time periods. The rainfall outlook is for precipitation integrated over a week and targets broad-scale patterns, not local conditions as they will be highly variable. Above(below) median rainfall forecast areas are depicted in green and yellow respectively. Favored areas for tropical development are shown in red. Two measures of confidence are indicated, high (solid) and moderate (hatched) and are currently subjective in nature and not based on an objective system. Work towards a probabilistic format of the product and so an objective measure of confidence is ongoing. The weekly verification period ranges from 00 UTC Wednesday to 00 UTC the following Wednesday.
Along with the product graphic, a written text outlook discussion is also included at release time. The narrative provides a review of the past week across the global Tropics, a description of the current climate-weather situation, the factors and reasoning behind the depicted outlook and notes on any other issues the user should be aware of. The discussion discusses the impacts in the Tropics as well as potential impacts in the Extratropics when relevant.
Product Physical Basis
The product synthesizes information and expert analysis related to climate variability across multiple time scales and from various sources, including operational climate monitoring products. The physical basis for the outlooks include
El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) , the
Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), strength and variations of the monsoon systems, other coherent subseasonal tropical variability such as atmospheric Kelvin waves (KW), Equatorial Rossby waves (ERW), African easterly waves, as well as interactions with the extratropical circulation (i.e. high latitude blocking, low-latitude frontal activity, etc.).
Product Forecast Tools
The outlook maps are currently created subjectively based on a number of forecast tools, many of which are objective. The final depiction is an assessment of these forecast tools based on a number of factors to create the final product. Work is ongoing to create an objective consolidation of some of the available forecast tools to serve as a first guess for the forecaster. Forecast tools include MJO composites, empirical and dynamical based MJO, ERW and KW forecasts, and raw dynamical model guidance from a number of modeling systems. Tropical cyclone areas are based on MJO composites and statistical and dynamical tropical cyclone forecasts as well as raw model forecast guidance.
Product Purpose
The product supports the NOAA mission in three primary ways:
- Assess and forecast important changes in the distribution of tropical convection (i.e., potential circulation changes across the Pacific and North America sectors) and communicate this information to NWS forecasters
- Provide advance notice of potential hazards related to climate, weather and hydrological events across the global tropics (including tropical cyclone risks for several NWS regions)
- Support various sectors of the U.S. economy (finance, energy, agriculture, water resource management) that have foreign interests.
Product Partners
The product is created through collaboration with other NOAA centers, [the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC)], the Department of Defense [The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)], the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Taiwan Central Weather Bureau, the State University of New York at Albany (SUNY) and the Center for Climate and Satellites (CICS), among other collaborators.
Product Users and Applications
Known users include U.S. government agencies such as NOAA [National Weather Service (NWS), River Forecast Centers (RFCs), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Department of the Interior (U.S. Forest Service), aid organizations (U.S. and international Red Cross, USAID), domestic and global private sector interests (financial, energy, water resource management and agricultural sectors), international weather services and various media meteorologists.
Some special applications of the product in the past include extended range predictions to support Haiti earthquake and Deepwater Horizon oil spill relief efforts as well as support for the Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) scientific field campaign held from October 2011 through March 2012.
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