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Dynamically Based Forecasts
for Tropical Pacific SST through Fall 1998
Using a Hybrid Coupled Ocean-Atmospheric Model
contributed by Tim Barnett1, David Pierce1, Nicholas Graham1 and Mojib Latif 2
1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
2Max Planck Institut fur Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany
Forecasts of the tropical Pacific SST are presented here using a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere
model (HCM) developed jointly at Scripps Institution and the Max Planck Institute for
Meteorology (MPI) (Barnett et al. 1993). In 1996 an improved version of the HCM, called
HCM-3, was used instead of the original HCM-1.
The original HCM-1 ocean model, created at MPI (Latif 1987), is a fully nonlinear GCM bounded
by 30N-30S latitude and by Asia and South America. It has 13 vertical levels, with 10 in the top
300 m. The seasonal cycle is governed by a Newtonian heat flux and observed wind stress
(Goldenberg and O'Brien 1981). The vertical mixing scheme is dependent upon the Richardson
number (Pacanowski and Philander 1981). The atmospheric model is statistical, deriving the wind
stress forcing for the ocean GCM using the GCM's SST. This is done with a CCA-like regression
model, using historical observed fields of SST and the corresponding wind stress. The coupling
process includes a MOS-like statistical correction of the SST fields produced by the ocean GCM.
The HCM is initialized with wind stress fields derived from observed SST data; thus, it is
indirectly "spun up" with SST information. Over the 1965-93 period the model demonstrated
statistically significant predictive skill out to 12-18 months, with best performance for the central
equatorial Pacific and for winter forecasts (Barnett et al. 1993). The model was developed using
data from 1965- 85, leaving 1986 onward for independent forecasting.
The improved HCM-3 (Pierce et al. 1997) is similar to the HCM-1 in most respects. The main
differ-ence is in the ocean GCM used, which is the HOPE2 from the Max Planck Institute in
Hamburg (Wolff and Maier-Reimer 1992). While the resolution is approxi-mately as in HCM-1,
the numerical scheme is improved to reduce the numerical diffusion, especially in the vertical,
resulting in a better representation of the main thermocline across the tropical Pacific. A MOS
correct-or is still used, but the magnitude of the correction is generally only 1C or less--a marked
improvement over HCM-1. Statistical atmospheres were constructed using both the FSU and the
da Silva (da Silva et al. 1994) wind data sets. Model performance was independent of which set
was used, as long as a 3 to 5 month smoother was applied to the wind stress prior to model
construc-tion. The final model used the da Silva wind data.
The HCM-3 model produces better hindcasts than did HCM-1, with correlation skill scores
exceeding 0.8 for 3-6 month lead times covering most of the tropical Pacific, dropping to 0.6 in
the far west. The skill is also moderately high nearly to the South American coast. Independent
sample forecast skills are approximately comparable to those of the LDEO and NCEP models. In
similar fashion to the LDEO, skills for the 1980s and early 1990s are much higher than during the
1970s.
The Hybrid Coupled Model is predicting strong warm conditions (anomalies in excess of 2.5C)
through the end of 1997 and into early 1998. The predicted warming fades in spring of 1998, and
is replaced by cold conditions by the latter half of 1998. Note that historically, the Hybrid
Coupled Model has over-predicted the strength of cold events following large warm events.
Caveat: The forecasts shown above are experimental in nature. The reader is forewarned that the
methods/forecasts are new and subject to future change and improvement.
Acknowledgment: This work is supported by NOAA and the National Science Foundation's
Climate Dynamics Division.
Barnett, T.P., M. Latif, N. Graham, M. Flugel, S. Pazan and W. White, 1993: ENSO and
ENSO-related predictability: Part 1 - Prediction of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures
with a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 6, 1545-1566.
Da Silva, A.M., C.C.Young and S. Levitus, 1994: Atlas of surface marine data 1994, Vol. 1:
Algorithms and procedures. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6, U.S. Department of Commerce, 83 pp.
Goldenberg, S.D. and J.J. O'Brien, 1981: Time and space variability of tropical Pacific wind
stress. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 1190-1207.
Latif, M., 1987: Tropical ocean circulation experiments. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 246-263.
Pacanowski, R.C. and S.G.H. Philander, 1981: Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical
models of tropical oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443-1451.
Pierce, D., J. Ritchie and T.P. Barnett, 1997: An improved hybrid coupled model for tropical
SST prediction. In preparation.
Wolff, J.-O. And E Maier-Reimer, 1992: HOPE, the Hamburg ocean primitive equation model.
81 pp. Available from Max Planck Institut fur Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany.
Fig. 1. Scripps/MPI hybrid coupled model (HCM-3) forecast of the field of tropical Pacific SST
anomaly (oC) for DJF 1997-98, and MAM, JJA and SON 1998. Observed data up to Nov 29
1997 are used. Contour interval 0.25oC; contours of magnitude less than 0.5C not shown.